SQL Server 中包含了大量的命令用于数据库的管理、查询和操作。以下是一些主要命令分类及其简要示例:
1. 数据库管理
- 创建数据库
CREATE DATABASE MyDatabase;
- 删除数据库
DROP DATABASE MyDatabase;
- 选择/切换当前数据库
USE MyDatabase;
2. 表操作
- 创建表
CREATE TABLE Employees ( EmployeeID int PRIMARY KEY, FirstName nvarchar(50), LastName nvarchar(50), HireDate datetime );
- 插入数据
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, HireDate) VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', '2023-01-01');
- 更新数据
UPDATE Employees SET FirstName = 'Jane' WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
- 删除数据
DELETE FROM Employees WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
- 修改表结构
ALTER TABLE Employees ADD DepartmentID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Departments(DepartmentID);
3. 查询数据
- 基本查询
SELECT * FROM Employees;
- 条件查询
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;
- 排序查询
SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY HireDate DESC;
- 聚合函数查询
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees;
- 分组查询
SELECT DepartmentID, COUNT(*) AS CountOfEmployees FROM Employees GROUP BY DepartmentID;
4. 连接查询
- 内连接
SELECT E.FirstName, D.DepartmentName FROM Employees E INNER JOIN Departments D ON E.DepartmentID = D.DepartmentID;
5. 存储过程与函数
- 创建存储过程
CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployeesByDepartment @deptId INT AS BEGIN SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = @deptId; END
- 调用存储过程
EXEC GetEmployeesByDepartment 2;
- 创建用户定义函数
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.GetTotalEmployees(@deptId INT) RETURNS INT AS BEGIN RETURN (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = @deptId); END
- 使用函数
SELECT dbo.GetTotalEmployees(2) AS TotalEmpInDept2;
6. 视图
- 创建视图
CREATE VIEW EmployeeNames AS SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees;
- 查询视图
SELECT * FROM EmployeeNames;
7. 索引
- 创建索引
CREATE INDEX IX_Employees_DepartmentID ON Employees (DepartmentID);
- 删除索引
DROP INDEX IX_Employees_DepartmentID ON Employees;
8. 其他常用命令
- 事务控制
BEGIN TRANSACTION; -- 执行一系列操作... COMMIT TRANSACTION;
- 备份还原
BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase TO DISK = 'C:backupMyDatabase.bak'; RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase FROM DISK = 'C:backupMyDatabase.bak';
9. 用户与权限管理
- 创建登录账户
CREATE LOGIN NewUser WITH PASSWORD = 'StrongPassword!';
- 创建数据库用户并映射到登录名
CREATE USER UserForDB FOR LOGIN NewUser; ALTER ROLE db_datareader ADD MEMBER UserForDB; -- 给予读权限 ALTER ROLE db_datawriter ADD MEMBER UserForDB; -- 给予写权限
- 撤销用户对数据库的访问
DROP USER UserForDB;
- 授予、拒绝或撤销权限
GRANT SELECT ON Employees TO UserForDB; DENY UPDATE ON Employees TO UserForDB; REVOKE DELETE ON Employees FROM UserForDB;
10. 数据备份与恢复
- 完整数据库备份
BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase TO DISK = 'C:BackupMyDatabase.bak' WITH FORMAT, MEDIANAME = 'MyDatabase_Full', NAME = 'Full Backup';
- 差异备份
BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase TO DISK = 'C:BackupMyDatabase_diff.bak' WITH DIFFERENTIAL, FORMAT, MEDIANAME = 'MyDatabase_Diff', NAME = 'Differential Backup';
- 事务日志备份
BACKUP LOG MyDatabase TO DISK = 'C:BackupMyDatabase_log.trn' WITH NOFORMAT, NOINIT, NAME = N'MyDatabase_LogBackup', SKIP, NOREWIND, NOUNLOAD, STATS = 10;
- 还原数据库
RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase FROM DISK = 'C:BackupMyDatabase.bak' WITH FILE = 1, NOUNLOAD, REPLACE, STATS = 5;
11. 系统函数与信息查询
- 查询当前数据库版本
SELECT @@VERSION;
- 查询表结构信息
sp_help 'Employees';
- 获取当前时间
SELECT GETDATE() AS CurrentDateTime;
12. 其他高级特性
- 窗口函数
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, Salary, AVG(Salary) OVER (PARTITION BY DepartmentID) AS AvgSalaryInDept FROM Employees;
- CTE(公用表表达式)
WITH EmpSalaries AS ( SELECT EmployeeID, Salary FROM Employees ) SELECT * FROM EmpSalaries WHERE Salary > (SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM EmpSalaries);
13. 分区表
- 创建分区函数
CREATE PARTITION FUNCTION pf_EmployeesRange (int) AS RANGE RIGHT FOR VALUES (2000, 2005, 2010, 2015);
- 创建分区方案
CREATE PARTITION SCHEME ps_Employees AS PARTITION pf_EmployeesRange TO ( [PrimaryFileGroup], [SecondaryFileGroup1], [SecondaryFileGroup2], [SecondaryFileGroup3] );
- 创建分区表
CREATE TABLE PartitionedEmployees ( EmployeeID int PRIMARY KEY, HireDate int NOT NULL ) ON ps_Employees(HireDate);
14. 高级查询操作
- 联合查询(UNION、UNION ALL)
SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1 UNION ALL SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;
- INTERSECT和EXCEPT操作
SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1 INTERSECT SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2; SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1 EXCEPT SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;
15. 复制与同步
- 使用SQL Server Replication进行数据复制这涉及到一系列复杂的配置步骤,包括发布设置、订阅设置、代理设置等。
16. 异步处理与作业调度
- 创建SQL Server Agent作业
USE msdb; GO EXEC sp_add_job @job_name=N'MyBackupJob', @enabled=1, @description='Daily backup job'; GO -- 添加作业步骤 EXEC sp_add_jobstep @job_name=N'MyBackupJob', @step_name=N'Backup Database', @subsystem=N'TSQL', @command=N'BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase TO DISK = ''C:BackupMyDatabase.bak'';', @retry_attempts=5, @retry_interval=5; GO -- 启用作业调度 EXEC dbo.sp_add_schedule @schedule_name = N'DailyAtMidnight', @freq_type = 4, -- 每日 @freq_interval = 1, -- 每天运行一次 @active_start_time = 000000; -- 在午夜开始 -- 将作业与调度关联 EXEC sp_attach_schedule @job_name = N'MyBackupJob', @schedule_name = N'DailyAtMidnight'; GO
17. 查询执行计划
- 查看查询执行计划
-- 在查询语句前添加EXPLAIN 或者 SET SHOWPLAN_ALL ON SET SHOWPLAN_ALL ON; SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1; SET SHOWPLAN_ALL OFF; -- 或使用图形化方式查看 -- 在SQL Server Management Studio中,运行查询后右键选择"包括实际执行计划" SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1;
18. 引用外部数据
- OPENROWSET函数读取文件
SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET('Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0', 'Text;Database=C:Data;HDR=YES;FMT=Delimited', 'SELECT * FROM [Employees.txt]');
- 链接服务器
-- 创建链接服务器 EXEC sp_addlinkedserver @server = N'MyLinkedServer', @srvproduct=N'OtherDB', @provider=N'SQLNCLI', @datasrc=N'ServerNameInstanceName'; -- 使用链接服务器查询数据 SELECT * FROM MyLinkedServer.RemoteDB.dbo.Employees;
19. 动态SQL
- 构建并执行动态SQL语句
DECLARE @DepartmentID INT = 1; DECLARE @SQL NVARCHAR(MAX) = N'SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = ' + CAST(@DepartmentID AS NVARCHAR(10)); EXEC sp_executesql @SQL;
20. 自增序列与标识符
- 创建带有自增列的表
CREATE TABLE Orders ( OrderID INT IDENTITY(1,1), CustomerID INT, OrderDate DATE, PRIMARY KEY (OrderID) );
21. 数据类型转换
- 显式转换
SELECT CAST('1234' AS INT), CONVERT(INT, '1234');
22. CASE表达式和IIF函数
- CASE表达式
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, CASE WHEN Salary > 50000 THEN 'High' WHEN Salary > 30000 THEN 'Medium' ELSE 'Low' END AS SalaryLevel FROM Employees;
- IIF函数(SQL Server 2012及以上版本)
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, IIF(Salary > 50000, 'High', IIF(Salary > 30000, 'Medium', 'Low')) AS SalaryLevel FROM Employees;
23. 数据库快照
- 创建数据库快照
CREATE DATABASE MyDatabase_snapshot ON (NAME = MyDatabase, FILENAME = 'C:SnapshotsMyDatabase_snapshot.ss') AS SNAPSHOT OF MyDatabase;
- 从快照恢复数据
RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase FROM DATABASE_SNAPSHOT = 'MyDatabase_snapshot';
总结
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