七层负载均衡介绍
Nginx七层负载均衡是在应用层(HTTP/HTTPS)上进行的,可以根据HTTP请求的具体内容,如URL、Cookie、Header等,来决定将请求转发到哪个后端服务器。这种方式不仅能够均衡服务器的计算负载,还能实现更复杂的路由策略,例如:
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会话粘性(Sticky Sessions):确保用户的会话请求始终被定向到同一个后端服务器。
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基于内容的路由:根据请求的内容(如URL、头部信息)将请求分发到不同的服务器。
四层与七层负载均衡的区别
1.1 四层负载均衡(Layer 4 Load Balancing)
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在传输层(Transport Layer)上进行。
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关注网络层面的信息,如源和目标IP地址、端口号等。
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根据网络信息决定将数据包转发到哪个服务器。
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不深入检查数据包的内容。
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主要适用于基于TCP/UDP的流量,如HTTP和HTTPS。
1.2 七层负载均衡(Layer 7 Load Balancing)
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在应用层(Application Layer)上进行。
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深入检查网络流量的内容,如HTTP请求头、URL、Cookie等。
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根据流量内容做复杂的路由决策。
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可以处理多种应用层协议,不仅限于HTTP。
2 七层负载均衡配置
服务器类型 | IP地址 | 发行版 |
---|---|---|
代理服务器(proxy) | 192.168.110.31/24 | Rocky Linux 8 |
静态地址服务器(static) | 192.168.110.32/24 | Rocky Linux 8 |
默认地址服务器(default) | 192.168.110.33/24 | Rocky Linux 8 |
动态地址服务器(upload) | 192.168.110.34/24 | Rocky Linux 8 |
2.1 后端节点配置
2.1.1 静态地址服务器(static)
[root@static ~]# mkdir /nginx/static [root@static ~]# echo "This is static page IP=`hostname -I`" >> /nginx/static/index.html [root@static ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/VirtualHost.conf server { listen 192.168.110.32:80; server_name www.nginx,com; root /nginx; location / { index index.html; } } [root@static ~]# nginx -s reload [root@static ~]# nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful [root@static ~]# curl 192.168.110.32/static/ This is static page IP=192.168.110.32
2.1.2 默认地址服务器(default)
[root@default ~]# mkdir /nginx/default [root@default ~]# echo "This is default page IP=`hostname -I`" >> /nginx/default/index.html [root@default ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/VirtualHost.conf server { listen 192.168.110.33:80; server_name www.nginx,com; root /nginx/default; location / { index index.html; } } [root@default ~]# nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful [root@default ~]# nginx -s reload [root@default ~]# curl 192.168.110.33/default/ This is default page IP=192.168.110.33
2.1.3 动态地址服务器(upload)
[root@upload ~]# mkdir /nginx/upload [root@upload ~]# echo "This is upload page IP=`hostname -I`" >> /nginx/upload/index.html [root@upload ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/VirtualHost.conf server { listen 192.168.110.34:80; server_name www.nginx,com; root /nginx; location / { index index.html; } } [root@upload ~]# nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful [root@upload ~]# nginx -s reload [root@upload ~]# curl 192.168.110.34/upload/ This is upload page IP=192.168.110.34
2.2 代理服务器配置
[root@proxy ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/proxy.conf upstream static_pools { server 192.168.110.32; } upstream default_pools { server 192.168.110.33; } upstream upload_pools { server 192.168.110.34; } server { listen 80; server_name www.nginx.com; location /static { proxy_pass http://static_pools; proxy_set_header host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; } location /default { proxy_pass http://default_pools; proxy_set_header host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; } location /upload { proxy_pass http://upload_pools; proxy_set_header host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; } } [root@proxy ~]# nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful [root@proxy ~]# nginx -s reload
注意:这里location的写法,这里的主要难点就在这。例如:如果站点目录写 root /nginx/ststic; 那最后访问 http://www.nginx.com/static/ 时转发路径就为http://www.nginx.com/static/static。所以写/nginx就行了
2.3 客户端测试访问
[root@client ~]# echo '192.168.110.31 www.nginx.com' >> /etc/hosts [root@client ~]# curl http://www.nginx.com This is default page IP=192.168.110.33 [root@client ~]# curl http://www.nginx.com/static/ This is static page IP=192.168.110.32 [root@client ~]# curl http://www.nginx.com/upload/ This is upload page IP=192.168.110.34
2.4 查看各节点访问日志
[root@static ~]# tail -1 /var/log/nginx/access.log 192.168.110.31 - - [21/Apr/2024:17:07:34 +0800] "GET /static/ HTTP/1.0" 200 39 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "192.168.110.35" [root@default ~]# tail -1 /var/log/nginx/access.log 192.168.110.31 - - [21/Apr/2024:17:07:32 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 40 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "192.168.110.35" [root@upload ~]# tail -1 /var/log/nginx/access.log 192.168.110.31 - - [21/Apr/2024:17:07:36 +0800] "GET /upload/ HTTP/1.0" 200 39 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "192.168.110.35"
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